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Definition: function application
apply(f, x) := such y: <x, y> in f.
Notation: we write f(x) instead of apply(f, x).
Notation: we write f(x0, ..., xn-1) to denote f(<x0, ..., xn-1>).
Proposition: a function maps every argument in its domain to a well-defined result.
forall f: f is function => forall x in domain(f): f(x) in range(f) /\ <x, f(x)> in f.